Automobile data

Dataset statistics

Number of variables	26
Number of observations	205
Missing cells	0
Missing cells (%)	0.0%
Duplicate rows	0
Duplicate rows (%)	0.0%
Total size in memory	41.8 KiB
Average record size in memory	208.6 B

Variable types

CAT	16
NUM	10

Reproduction

Analysis started	2020-08-14 00:09:10.686781
Analysis finished	2020-08-14 00:09:49.293444
Duration	38.61 seconds
Version	pandas-profiling v2.8.0
Command line	`pandas_profiling --config_file config.yaml [YOUR_FILE.csv]`
Download configuration	config.yaml

Warnings

`normalized-losses` has a high cardinality: 52 distinct values	High cardinality
`horsepower` has a high cardinality: 60 distinct values	High cardinality
`price` has a high cardinality: 187 distinct values	High cardinality
`highway-mpg` is highly correlated with `city-mpg`	High correlation
`city-mpg` is highly correlated with `highway-mpg`	High correlation
`fuel-system` is highly correlated with `fuel-type`	High correlation
`fuel-type` is highly correlated with `fuel-system`	High correlation
`bore` is highly correlated with `engine-location`	High correlation
`engine-location` is highly correlated with `bore` and 2 other fields	High correlation
`stroke` is highly correlated with `engine-location`	High correlation
`peak-rpm` is highly correlated with `engine-location`	High correlation
`price` is uniformly distributed	Uniform
`symboling` has 67 (32.7%) zeros	Zeros

symboling
Real number (ℝ)

ZEROS

Distinct count	6
Unique (%)	2.9%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%

Mean	0.8341463414634146
Minimum	-2
Maximum	3
Zeros	67
Zeros (%)	32.7%
Memory size	1.6 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	-2
5-th percentile	-1
Q1	0
median	1
Q3	2
95-th percentile	3
Maximum	3
Range	5
Interquartile range (IQR)	2

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	1.245306828
Coefficient of variation (CV)	1.492911695
Kurtosis	-0.6762713562
Mean	0.8341463415
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	1
Skewness	0.2110722721
Sum	171
Variance	1.550789096

Histogram

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=10)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0	67	32.7%
1	54	26.3%
2	32	15.6%
3	27	13.2%
-1	22	10.7%
-2	3	1.5%

Minimum 5 values
Maximum 5 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
-2	3	1.5%
-1	22	10.7%
0	67	32.7%
1	54	26.3%
2	32	15.6%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
3	27	13.2%
2	32	15.6%
1	54	26.3%
0	67	32.7%
-1	22	10.7%

normalized-losses
Categorical

HIGH CARDINALITY

Distinct count	52
Unique (%)	25.4%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Memory size	1.6 KiB

?	41
161	11
91	8
150	7
134	6
Other values (47)	132

Common Values
Length

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
?	41	20.0%
161	11	5.4%
91	8	3.9%
150	7	3.4%
134	6	2.9%
128	6	2.9%
104	6	2.9%
103	5	2.4%
85	5	2.4%
74	5	2.4%
Other values (42)	105	51.2%

Length

Max length	3
Median length	3
Mean length	2.356097561
Min length	1

make
Categorical

Distinct count	22
Unique (%)	10.7%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Memory size	1.6 KiB

toyota	32
nissan	18
mazda	17
honda	13
mitsubishi	13
Other values (17)	112

Common Values
Length

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
toyota	32	15.6%
nissan	18	8.8%
mazda	17	8.3%
honda	13	6.3%
mitsubishi	13	6.3%
subaru	12	5.9%
volkswagen	12	5.9%
peugot	11	5.4%
volvo	11	5.4%
dodge	9	4.4%
Other values (12)	57	27.8%

Length

Max length	13
Median length	6
Mean length	6.47804878
Min length	3

fuel-type
Categorical

HIGH CORRELATION

Distinct count	2
Unique (%)	1.0%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Memory size	1.6 KiB

gas	185
diesel	20

Common Values
Length

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
gas	185	90.2%
diesel	20	9.8%

Length

Max length	6
Median length	3
Mean length	3.292682927
Min length	3

aspiration
Categorical

Distinct count	2
Unique (%)	1.0%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Memory size	1.6 KiB

std	168
turbo	37

Common Values
Length

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
std	168	82.0%
turbo	37	18.0%

Length

Max length	5
Median length	3
Mean length	3.36097561
Min length	3

num-of-doors
Categorical

Distinct count	3
Unique (%)	1.5%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Memory size	1.6 KiB

four	114
two	89
?	2

Common Values
Length

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
four	114	55.6%
two	89	43.4%
?	2	1.0%

Length

Max length	4
Median length	4
Mean length	3.536585366
Min length	1

body-style
Categorical

Distinct count	5
Unique (%)	2.4%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Memory size	1.6 KiB

sedan	96
hatchback	70
wagon	25
hardtop	8
convertible	6

Common Values
Length

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
sedan	96	46.8%
hatchback	70	34.1%
wagon	25	12.2%
hardtop	8	3.9%
convertible	6	2.9%

Length

Max length	11
Median length	5
Mean length	6.619512195
Min length	5

drive-wheels
Categorical

Distinct count	3
Unique (%)	1.5%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Memory size	1.6 KiB

fwd	120
rwd	76
4wd	9

Common Values
Length

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
fwd	120	58.5%
rwd	76	37.1%
4wd	9	4.4%

Length

Max length	3
Median length	3
Mean length	3
Min length	3

engine-location
Categorical

HIGH CORRELATION

Distinct count	2
Unique (%)	1.0%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Memory size	1.6 KiB

front	202
rear	3

Common Values
Length

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
front	202	98.5%
rear	3	1.5%

Length

Max length	5
Median length	5
Mean length	4.985365854
Min length	4

wheel-base
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

Distinct count	53
Unique (%)	25.9%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%

Mean	98.75658536585367
Minimum	86.6
Maximum	120.9
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Memory size	1.6 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	86.6
5-th percentile	93.02
Q1	94.5
median	97
Q3	102.4
95-th percentile	110
Maximum	120.9
Range	34.3
Interquartile range (IQR)	7.9

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	6.021775685
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.06097594062
Kurtosis	1.017038946
Mean	98.75658537
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	2.7
Skewness	1.050213776
Sum	20245.1
Variance	36.2617824

Histogram

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=10)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
94.5	21	10.2%
93.7	20	9.8%
95.7	13	6.3%
96.5	8	3.9%
98.4	7	3.4%
97.3	7	3.4%
96.3	6	2.9%
107.9	6	2.9%
98.8	6	2.9%
99.1	6	2.9%
Other values (43)	105	51.2%

Minimum 5 values
Maximum 5 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
86.6	2	1.0%
88.4	1	0.5%
88.6	2	1.0%
89.5	3	1.5%
91.3	2	1.0%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
120.9	1	0.5%
115.6	2	1.0%
114.2	4	2.0%
113	2	1.0%
112	1	0.5%

length
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

Distinct count	75
Unique (%)	36.6%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%

Mean	174.04926829268288
Minimum	141.1
Maximum	208.1
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Memory size	1.6 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	141.1
5-th percentile	157.14
Q1	166.3
median	173.2
Q3	183.1
95-th percentile	196.36
Maximum	208.1
Range	67
Interquartile range (IQR)	16.8

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	12.33728853
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.0708838862
Kurtosis	-0.08289485345
Mean	174.0492683
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	6.9
Skewness	0.1559537713
Sum	35680.1
Variance	152.2086882

Histogram

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=10)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
157.3	15	7.3%
188.8	11	5.4%
166.3	7	3.4%
171.7	7	3.4%
186.7	7	3.4%
165.3	6	2.9%
177.8	6	2.9%
176.2	6	2.9%
186.6	6	2.9%
176.8	5	2.4%
Other values (65)	129	62.9%

Minimum 5 values
Maximum 5 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
141.1	1	0.5%
144.6	2	1.0%
150	3	1.5%
155.9	3	1.5%
156.9	1	0.5%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
208.1	1	0.5%
202.6	2	1.0%
199.6	2	1.0%
199.2	1	0.5%
198.9	4	2.0%

width
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

Distinct count	44
Unique (%)	21.5%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%

Mean	65.90780487804878
Minimum	60.3
Maximum	72.3
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Memory size	1.6 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	60.3
5-th percentile	63.6
Q1	64.1
median	65.5
Q3	66.9
95-th percentile	70.46
Maximum	72.3
Range	12
Interquartile range (IQR)	2.8

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	2.145203853
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.03254855562
Kurtosis	0.7027642441
Mean	65.90780488
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	1.4
Skewness	0.9040034988
Sum	13511.1
Variance	4.60189957

Histogram

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=10)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
63.8	24	11.7%
66.5	23	11.2%
65.4	15	7.3%
63.6	11	5.4%
64.4	10	4.9%
68.4	10	4.9%
64	9	4.4%
65.5	8	3.9%
65.2	7	3.4%
66.3	6	2.9%
Other values (34)	82	40.0%

Minimum 5 values
Maximum 5 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
60.3	1	0.5%
61.8	1	0.5%
62.5	1	0.5%
63.4	1	0.5%
63.6	11	5.4%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
72.3	1	0.5%
72	1	0.5%
71.7	3	1.5%
71.4	3	1.5%
70.9	1	0.5%

height
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

Distinct count	49
Unique (%)	23.9%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%

Mean	53.72487804878049
Minimum	47.8
Maximum	59.8
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Memory size	1.6 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	47.8
5-th percentile	49.7
Q1	52
median	54.1
Q3	55.5
95-th percentile	57.5
Maximum	59.8
Range	12
Interquartile range (IQR)	3.5

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	2.44352197
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.04548213153
Kurtosis	-0.4438123651
Mean	53.72487805
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	1.6
Skewness	0.06312273247
Sum	11013.6
Variance	5.970799617

Histogram

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=10)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
50.8	14	6.8%
52	12	5.9%
55.7	12	5.9%
54.5	10	4.9%
54.1	10	4.9%
55.5	9	4.4%
56.7	8	3.9%
54.3	8	3.9%
51.6	7	3.4%
56.1	7	3.4%
Other values (39)	108	52.7%

Minimum 5 values
Maximum 5 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
47.8	1	0.5%
48.8	2	1.0%
49.4	2	1.0%
49.6	4	2.0%
49.7	3	1.5%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
59.8	2	1.0%
59.1	3	1.5%
58.7	4	2.0%
58.3	1	0.5%
57.5	3	1.5%

curb-weight
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

Distinct count	171
Unique (%)	83.4%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%

Mean	2555.5658536585365
Minimum	1488
Maximum	4066
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Memory size	1.6 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	1488
5-th percentile	1901
Q1	2145
median	2414
Q3	2935
95-th percentile	3503
Maximum	4066
Range	2578
Interquartile range (IQR)	790

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	520.6802035
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.2037436064
Kurtosis	-0.0428537661
Mean	2555.565854
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	386
Skewness	0.6813981891
Sum	523891
Variance	271107.8743

Histogram

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=10)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
2385	4	2.0%
1989	3	1.5%
1918	3	1.5%
2275	3	1.5%
3230	2	1.0%
2410	2	1.0%
3252	2	1.0%
2337	2	1.0%
2403	2	1.0%
2414	2	1.0%
Other values (161)	180	87.8%

Minimum 5 values
Maximum 5 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
1488	1	0.5%
1713	1	0.5%
1819	1	0.5%
1837	1	0.5%
1874	2	1.0%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
4066	2	1.0%
3950	1	0.5%
3900	1	0.5%
3770	1	0.5%
3750	1	0.5%

engine-type
Categorical

Distinct count	7
Unique (%)	3.4%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Memory size	1.6 KiB

ohc	148
ohcf	15
ohcv	13
dohc	12
l	12
Other values (2)	5

Common Values
Length

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
ohc	148	72.2%
ohcf	15	7.3%
ohcv	13	6.3%
dohc	12	5.9%
l	12	5.9%
rotor	4	2.0%
dohcv	1	0.5%

Length

Max length	5
Median length	3
Mean length	3.126829268
Min length	1

num-of-cylinders
Categorical

Distinct count	7
Unique (%)	3.4%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Memory size	1.6 KiB

four	159
six	24
five	11
eight	5
two	4
Other values (2)	2

Common Values
Length

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
four	159	77.6%
six	24	11.7%
five	11	5.4%
eight	5	2.4%
two	4	2.0%
twelve	1	0.5%
three	1	0.5%

Length

Max length	6
Median length	4
Mean length	3.902439024
Min length	3

engine-size
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

Distinct count	44
Unique (%)	21.5%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%

Mean	126.90731707317073
Minimum	61
Maximum	326
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Memory size	1.6 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	61
5-th percentile	90
Q1	97
median	120
Q3	141
95-th percentile	201.2
Maximum	326
Range	265
Interquartile range (IQR)	44

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	41.64269344
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.3281346923
Kurtosis	5.305682092
Mean	126.9073171
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	23
Skewness	1.947655045
Sum	26016
Variance	1734.113917

Histogram

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=10)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
122	15	7.3%
92	15	7.3%
98	14	6.8%
97	14	6.8%
108	13	6.3%
90	12	5.9%
110	12	5.9%
109	8	3.9%
120	7	3.4%
141	7	3.4%
Other values (34)	88	42.9%

Minimum 5 values
Maximum 5 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
61	1	0.5%
70	3	1.5%
79	1	0.5%
80	1	0.5%
90	12	5.9%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
326	1	0.5%
308	1	0.5%
304	1	0.5%
258	2	1.0%
234	2	1.0%

fuel-system
Categorical

HIGH CORRELATION

Distinct count	8
Unique (%)	3.9%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Memory size	1.6 KiB

mpfi	94
2bbl	66
idi	20
1bbl	11
spdi	9
Other values (3)	5

Common Values
Length

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
mpfi	94	45.9%
2bbl	66	32.2%
idi	20	9.8%
1bbl	11	5.4%
spdi	9	4.4%
4bbl	3	1.5%
spfi	1	0.5%
mfi	1	0.5%

Length

Max length	4
Median length	4
Mean length	3.897560976
Min length	3

bore
Categorical

HIGH CORRELATION

Distinct count	39
Unique (%)	19.0%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Memory size	1.6 KiB

3.62	23
3.19	20
3.15	15
3.03	12
2.97	12
Other values (34)	123

Common Values
Length

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
3.62	23	11.2%
3.19	20	9.8%
3.15	15	7.3%
3.03	12	5.9%
2.97	12	5.9%
3.46	9	4.4%
3.78	8	3.9%
3.43	8	3.9%
3.31	8	3.9%
2.91	7	3.4%
Other values (29)	83	40.5%

Length

Max length	4
Median length	4
Mean length	3.892682927
Min length	1

stroke
Categorical

HIGH CORRELATION

Distinct count	37
Unique (%)	18.0%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Memory size	1.6 KiB

3.4	20
3.15	14
3.03	14
3.23	14
3.39	13
Other values (32)	130

Common Values
Length

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
3.4	20	9.8%
3.15	14	6.8%
3.03	14	6.8%
3.23	14	6.8%
3.39	13	6.3%
2.64	11	5.4%
3.35	9	4.4%
3.29	9	4.4%
3.46	8	3.9%
3.07	6	2.9%
Other values (27)	87	42.4%

Length

Max length	4
Median length	4
Mean length	3.765853659
Min length	1

compression-ratio
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

Distinct count	32
Unique (%)	15.6%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%

Mean	10.142536585365855
Minimum	7.0
Maximum	23.0
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Memory size	1.6 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	7
5-th percentile	7.5
Q1	8.6
median	9
Q3	9.4
95-th percentile	21.82
Maximum	23
Range	16
Interquartile range (IQR)	0.8

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	3.972040322
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.3916219861
Kurtosis	5.233054348
Mean	10.14253659
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	0.4
Skewness	2.610862458
Sum	2079.22
Variance	15.77710432

Histogram

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=10)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
9	46	22.4%
9.4	26	12.7%
8.5	14	6.8%
9.5	13	6.3%
9.3	11	5.4%
8.7	9	4.4%
9.2	8	3.9%
8	8	3.9%
7	7	3.4%
21	5	2.4%
Other values (22)	58	28.3%

Minimum 5 values
Maximum 5 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
7	7	3.4%
7.5	5	2.4%
7.6	4	2.0%
7.7	2	1.0%
7.8	1	0.5%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
23	5	2.4%
22.7	1	0.5%
22.5	3	1.5%
22	1	0.5%
21.9	1	0.5%

horsepower
Categorical

HIGH CARDINALITY

Distinct count	60
Unique (%)	29.3%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Memory size	1.6 KiB

68	19
70	11
69	10
116	9
110	8
Other values (55)	148

Common Values
Length

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
68	19	9.3%
70	11	5.4%
69	10	4.9%
116	9	4.4%
110	8	3.9%
95	7	3.4%
62	6	2.9%
88	6	2.9%
114	6	2.9%
101	6	2.9%
Other values (50)	117	57.1%

Length

Max length	3
Median length	2
Mean length	2.448780488
Min length	1

peak-rpm
Categorical

HIGH CORRELATION

Distinct count	24
Unique (%)	11.7%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Memory size	1.6 KiB

5500	37
4800	36
5000	27
5200	23
5400	13
Other values (19)	69

Common Values
Length

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
5500	37	18.0%
4800	36	17.6%
5000	27	13.2%
5200	23	11.2%
5400	13	6.3%
6000	9	4.4%
5800	7	3.4%
4500	7	3.4%
5250	7	3.4%
4200	5	2.4%
Other values (14)	34	16.6%

Length

Max length	4
Median length	4
Mean length	3.970731707
Min length	1

city-mpg
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

HIGH CORRELATION

Distinct count	29
Unique (%)	14.1%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%

Mean	25.21951219512195
Minimum	13
Maximum	49
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Memory size	1.6 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	13
5-th percentile	16
Q1	19
median	24
Q3	30
95-th percentile	37
Maximum	49
Range	36
Interquartile range (IQR)	11

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	6.542141653
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.2594079379
Kurtosis	0.5786483405
Mean	25.2195122
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	5
Skewness	0.6637040288
Sum	5170
Variance	42.79961741

Histogram

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=10)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
31	28	13.7%
19	27	13.2%
24	22	10.7%
27	14	6.8%
17	13	6.3%
26	12	5.9%
23	12	5.9%
21	8	3.9%
30	8	3.9%
25	8	3.9%
Other values (19)	53	25.9%

Minimum 5 values
Maximum 5 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
13	1	0.5%
14	2	1.0%
15	3	1.5%
16	6	2.9%
17	13	6.3%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
49	1	0.5%
47	1	0.5%
45	1	0.5%
38	7	3.4%
37	6	2.9%

highway-mpg
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

HIGH CORRELATION

Distinct count	30
Unique (%)	14.6%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%

Mean	30.75121951219512
Minimum	16
Maximum	54
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Memory size	1.6 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	16
5-th percentile	22
Q1	25
median	30
Q3	34
95-th percentile	42.8
Maximum	54
Range	38
Interquartile range (IQR)	9

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	6.886443131
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.2239404889
Kurtosis	0.4400703815
Mean	30.75121951
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	5
Skewness	0.5399971879
Sum	6304
Variance	47.423099

Histogram

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=10)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
25	19	9.3%
24	17	8.3%
38	17	8.3%
30	16	7.8%
32	16	7.8%
34	14	6.8%
37	13	6.3%
28	13	6.3%
29	10	4.9%
33	9	4.4%
Other values (20)	61	29.8%

Minimum 5 values
Maximum 5 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
16	2	1.0%
17	1	0.5%
18	2	1.0%
19	2	1.0%
20	2	1.0%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
54	1	0.5%
53	1	0.5%
50	1	0.5%
47	2	1.0%
46	2	1.0%

price
Categorical

HIGH CARDINALITY
UNIFORM

Distinct count	187
Unique (%)	91.2%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Memory size	1.6 KiB

?	4
6229	2
7295	2
13499	2
18150	2
Other values (182)	193

Common Values
Length

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
?	4	2.0%
6229	2	1.0%
7295	2	1.0%
13499	2	1.0%
18150	2	1.0%
8845	2	1.0%
5572	2	1.0%
8921	2	1.0%
16500	2	1.0%
8495	2	1.0%
Other values (177)	183	89.3%

Length

Max length	5
Median length	5
Mean length	4.443902439
Min length	1

Pearson's r

The Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) is a measure of linear correlation between two variables. It's value lies between -1 and +1, -1 indicating total negative linear correlation, 0 indicating no linear correlation and 1 indicating total positive linear correlation. Furthermore, r is invariant under separate changes in location and scale of the two variables, implying that for a linear function the angle to the x-axis does not affect r.

To calculate r for two variables X and Y, one divides the covariance of X and Y by the product of their standard deviations.

Spearman's ρ

The Spearman's rank correlation coefficient (ρ) is a measure of monotonic correlation between two variables, and is therefore better in catching nonlinear monotonic correlations than Pearson's r. It's value lies between -1 and +1, -1 indicating total negative monotonic correlation, 0 indicating no monotonic correlation and 1 indicating total positive monotonic correlation.

To calculate ρ for two variables X and Y, one divides the covariance of the rank variables of X and Y by the product of their standard deviations.

Kendall's τ

Similarly to Spearman's rank correlation coefficient, the Kendall rank correlation coefficient (τ) measures ordinal association between two variables. It's value lies between -1 and +1, -1 indicating total negative correlation, 0 indicating no correlation and 1 indicating total positive correlation.

To calculate τ for two variables X and Y, one determines the number of concordant and discordant pairs of observations. τ is given by the number of concordant pairs minus the discordant pairs divided by the total number of pairs.

Phik (φk)

Phik (φk) is a new and practical correlation coefficient that works consistently between categorical, ordinal and interval variables, captures non-linear dependency and reverts to the Pearson correlation coefficient in case of a bivariate normal input distribution. There is extensive documentation available here.

Cramér's V (φc)

Cramér's V is an association measure for nominal random variables. The coefficient ranges from 0 to 1, with 0 indicating independence and 1 indicating perfect association. The empirical estimators used for Cramér's V have been proved to be biased, even for large samples. We use a bias-corrected measure that has been proposed by Bergsma in 2013 that can be found here.

Count
Matrix

First rows

	symboling	normalized-losses	make	fuel-type	aspiration	num-of-doors	body-style	drive-wheels	engine-location	wheel-base	length	width	height	curb-weight	engine-type	num-of-cylinders	engine-size	fuel-system	bore	stroke	compression-ratio	horsepower	peak-rpm	city-mpg	highway-mpg	price
0	3	?	alfa-romero	gas	std	two	convertible	rwd	front	88.6	168.8	64.1	48.8	2548	dohc	four	130	mpfi	3.47	2.68	9.0	111	5000	21	27	13495
1	3	?	alfa-romero	gas	std	two	convertible	rwd	front	88.6	168.8	64.1	48.8	2548	dohc	four	130	mpfi	3.47	2.68	9.0	111	5000	21	27	16500
2	1	?	alfa-romero	gas	std	two	hatchback	rwd	front	94.5	171.2	65.5	52.4	2823	ohcv	six	152	mpfi	2.68	3.47	9.0	154	5000	19	26	16500
3	2	164	audi	gas	std	four	sedan	fwd	front	99.8	176.6	66.2	54.3	2337	ohc	four	109	mpfi	3.19	3.4	10.0	102	5500	24	30	13950
4	2	164	audi	gas	std	four	sedan	4wd	front	99.4	176.6	66.4	54.3	2824	ohc	five	136	mpfi	3.19	3.4	8.0	115	5500	18	22	17450
5	2	?	audi	gas	std	two	sedan	fwd	front	99.8	177.3	66.3	53.1	2507	ohc	five	136	mpfi	3.19	3.4	8.5	110	5500	19	25	15250
6	1	158	audi	gas	std	four	sedan	fwd	front	105.8	192.7	71.4	55.7	2844	ohc	five	136	mpfi	3.19	3.4	8.5	110	5500	19	25	17710
7	1	?	audi	gas	std	four	wagon	fwd	front	105.8	192.7	71.4	55.7	2954	ohc	five	136	mpfi	3.19	3.4	8.5	110	5500	19	25	18920
8	1	158	audi	gas	turbo	four	sedan	fwd	front	105.8	192.7	71.4	55.9	3086	ohc	five	131	mpfi	3.13	3.4	8.3	140	5500	17	20	23875
9	0	?	audi	gas	turbo	two	hatchback	4wd	front	99.5	178.2	67.9	52.0	3053	ohc	five	131	mpfi	3.13	3.4	7.0	160	5500	16	22	?

Last rows

	symboling	normalized-losses	make	fuel-type	aspiration	num-of-doors	body-style	drive-wheels	engine-location	wheel-base	length	width	height	curb-weight	engine-type	num-of-cylinders	engine-size	fuel-system	bore	stroke	compression-ratio	horsepower	peak-rpm	city-mpg	highway-mpg	price
195	-1	74	volvo	gas	std	four	wagon	rwd	front	104.3	188.8	67.2	57.5	3034	ohc	four	141	mpfi	3.78	3.15	9.5	114	5400	23	28	13415
196	-2	103	volvo	gas	std	four	sedan	rwd	front	104.3	188.8	67.2	56.2	2935	ohc	four	141	mpfi	3.78	3.15	9.5	114	5400	24	28	15985
197	-1	74	volvo	gas	std	four	wagon	rwd	front	104.3	188.8	67.2	57.5	3042	ohc	four	141	mpfi	3.78	3.15	9.5	114	5400	24	28	16515
198	-2	103	volvo	gas	turbo	four	sedan	rwd	front	104.3	188.8	67.2	56.2	3045	ohc	four	130	mpfi	3.62	3.15	7.5	162	5100	17	22	18420
199	-1	74	volvo	gas	turbo	four	wagon	rwd	front	104.3	188.8	67.2	57.5	3157	ohc	four	130	mpfi	3.62	3.15	7.5	162	5100	17	22	18950
200	-1	95	volvo	gas	std	four	sedan	rwd	front	109.1	188.8	68.9	55.5	2952	ohc	four	141	mpfi	3.78	3.15	9.5	114	5400	23	28	16845
201	-1	95	volvo	gas	turbo	four	sedan	rwd	front	109.1	188.8	68.8	55.5	3049	ohc	four	141	mpfi	3.78	3.15	8.7	160	5300	19	25	19045
202	-1	95	volvo	gas	std	four	sedan	rwd	front	109.1	188.8	68.9	55.5	3012	ohcv	six	173	mpfi	3.58	2.87	8.8	134	5500	18	23	21485
203	-1	95	volvo	diesel	turbo	four	sedan	rwd	front	109.1	188.8	68.9	55.5	3217	ohc	six	145	idi	3.01	3.4	23.0	106	4800	26	27	22470
204	-1	95	volvo	gas	turbo	four	sedan	rwd	front	109.1	188.8	68.9	55.5	3062	ohc	four	141	mpfi	3.78	3.15	9.5	114	5400	19	25	22625

Overview

Variables

Interactions

Correlations

Pearson's r

Spearman's ρ

Kendall's τ

Phik (φk)

Cramér's V (φc)

Missing values

Sample

First rows

Last rows